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Establishing a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark

The sole proprietorship, or Enkeltmandsvirksomhed, is the most popular and straightforward legal structure for running a business in Denmark. It is an ideal choice for new entrepreneurs with limited capital and uncertain future earnings. If you're interested in setting up a sole proprietorship in Denmark but need guidance, we are here to help.

Conditions for Starting a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark

A sole proprietorship is a business structure where the owner assumes full responsibility for the company's debts. This means the business owner is personally liable for all financial and tax obligations. If the company faces financial challenges, the owner may need to use their personal assets, such as their house or car, to settle the debts.

In a sole proprietorship, the owner makes all decisions regarding the business operations, although they can delegate authority to others through power of attorney to act on behalf of the company.

In Denmark, a sole proprietorship does not require the accumulation of share capital, simplifying the process of running a business. Furthermore, the Danish government provides assistance to self-employed individuals with the formalities involved in business registration.

Entrepreneurs moving to Denmark can register their business with the Agency for Business and Enterprise (Erhvervsstyrelsen), which operates under the Ministry of Economy. Before proceeding, it's advisable to carefully review the requirements, necessary documentation, and deadlines for different company structures in Denmark. It's also important to thoroughly assess the pros and cons to make an informed decision that aligns with your expectations and resources.

What Are the Benefits of Operating a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark?

Starting a sole proprietorship in Denmark is a straightforward process, making it an accessible option for entrepreneurs. With minimal administrative and financial requirements, an Enkeltmandsvirksomhed is especially appealing for those new to business. The key advantages of a sole proprietorship include:

These advantages make sole proprietorships in Denmark simple to operate and appealing to new entrepreneurs.

Tax Obligations and VAT Registration for Sole Proprietors in Denmark

As a sole proprietor in Denmark, you are personally responsible for reporting your business income and paying tax and VAT correctly. Understanding how income tax, B-income, AM-bidrag and VAT work will help you avoid unexpected tax bills and penalties.

Income tax for sole proprietors

A sole proprietorship is not taxed as a separate legal entity. All profits are taxed as your personal income. You report your business results on your personal tax return via årsopgørelse and forskudsopgørelse to the Danish Tax Agency (Skattestyrelsen).

Key elements of personal taxation for sole proprietors:

Business expenses that are directly related to generating your income are deductible. This includes, for example, office costs, professional software, marketing, travel expenses related to the business, and part of home office costs if you meet the conditions set by Skattestyrelsen.

B-income and preliminary tax (B-skat)

Many sole proprietors receive income without tax withheld at source, for example from freelance work or consultancy. This is treated as B-income. You must pay tax and AM-bidrag on B-income yourself through preliminary tax (B-skat).

To avoid a large tax bill later, you should:

VAT (Moms) registration threshold and obligation

In Denmark, most businesses that sell goods or services on a regular basis must register for VAT (moms). For sole proprietors, the main rule is:

The threshold applies to total VAT-liable revenue, not profit. If you expect to exceed the threshold, you must register before you start invoicing with VAT. You may also choose to register voluntarily even if your turnover is below DKK 50,000, for example to be able to deduct input VAT on your expenses.

Some activities are exempt from VAT, such as certain financial services, health services and education. If your main activity is VAT-exempt, you usually cannot charge VAT and cannot deduct input VAT on your purchases related to that activity.

Standard VAT rate and special schemes

Denmark has a single standard VAT rate:

There is no reduced VAT rate for food, books or other categories that some other EU countries have. However, there are special VAT rules for specific sectors, such as travel agencies, second-hand goods and certain cultural activities. If you operate in a sector with special VAT schemes, you must follow the detailed rules issued by Skattestyrelsen.

How and when to register for VAT

You register your sole proprietorship and VAT with the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen) via the online system Virk. During registration, you indicate whether your business is VAT-liable and from which date.

Important points when registering:

After registration, you receive a CVR number (business registration number). As a sole proprietor, your CVR number is linked to your CPR number.

VAT reporting periods and deadlines

Your VAT reporting frequency depends on your annual turnover:

Skattestyrelsen informs you which reporting frequency applies to your business. You must submit your VAT return and pay any VAT due by the deadline, even if your VAT for the period is zero. Late reporting or payment can result in interest and surcharges.

Calculating output VAT and input VAT

As a VAT-registered sole proprietor, you must:

The VAT you pay to Skattestyrelsen for a period is:

Output VAT – Input VAT = VAT payable (or VAT refund if negative)

You can only deduct input VAT on expenses that are directly related to your VAT-liable activities. Some costs are fully deductible, some partially deductible and some not deductible at all. For example:

Invoicing rules for VAT-registered sole proprietors

When you are VAT-registered, your invoices must meet Danish VAT requirements. An invoice should typically include:

If a transaction is VAT-exempt or subject to reverse charge, you must state the relevant note on the invoice, for example that VAT is not charged due to VAT exemption or that reverse charge applies for cross-border B2B services within the EU.

Cross-border VAT: EU and non-EU customers

If you sell to customers outside Denmark, special VAT rules apply:

Because cross-border VAT rules are complex, it is advisable to seek professional advice if you regularly trade with foreign customers or suppliers.

Bookkeeping and documentation for tax and VAT

As a sole proprietor, you must keep accurate and complete records of all income, expenses and VAT. Danish rules require you to store accounting records, invoices and supporting documents for a number of years, typically at least five years.

Good bookkeeping practices include:

Tax prepayments, corrections and penalties

If your actual income differs from what you reported in your preliminary tax assessment, you should update your forskudsopgørelse during the year. This helps you avoid large corrections and interest when the final tax assessment is issued.

Failure to register for VAT on time, to submit VAT returns, or to pay VAT and tax by the deadlines can result in:

Because you are personally liable for all tax and VAT obligations in a sole proprietorship, it is important to stay up to date with Danish tax rules and to seek professional accounting support when needed.

Social Security, ATP and Pension Considerations for Sole Proprietors

As a sole proprietor in Denmark, you are personally responsible for ensuring that your social security, ATP and pension arrangements are in order. Unlike employees, you do not have an employer who automatically handles contributions for you, so it is important to understand how the Danish system works and which parts are voluntary or mandatory in practice.

Public social security and health coverage

All residents registered in Denmark and paying tax are covered by the public social security system, including access to the national health service. As a sole proprietor, you are generally covered in the same way as an employee, provided you are tax resident and pay income tax and labour market contributions (AM-bidrag) on your business income.

The main public elements relevant for sole proprietors are:

Public benefits are not based on a specific “social security contribution” rate, but on your overall tax payments and residence record. However, as a self-employed person you must actively register and in some cases pay specific contributions to be entitled to certain benefits, especially sickness and maternity benefits.

Labour market contribution (AM-bidrag)

All income from personal work in Denmark is subject to a mandatory labour market contribution (AM-bidrag). For sole proprietors, this contribution is calculated on your business profit before personal income tax.

AM-bidrag is not a pension contribution, but it finances parts of the Danish labour market and social security system and is a prerequisite for access to several public benefits.

ATP – Danish Labour Market Supplementary Pension

ATP (Arbejdsmarkedets Tillægspension) is a statutory supplementary pension scheme that is normally mandatory for employees. For sole proprietors, ATP is not automatically paid and is generally voluntary, unless you have an employment relationship in addition to your business.

If you work as both an employee and a sole proprietor, your employer will usually pay ATP for your employment income, while your self-employed income is not covered. You cannot normally pay ATP contributions directly as a self-employed person on your own initiative in the same way as an employer, so you should not rely on ATP as your main pension if you only run a sole proprietorship.

Voluntary social insurance for sickness and maternity

As a sole proprietor, you can take out voluntary social insurance to secure better compensation during periods of illness or parental leave. This is especially important if your business is your main source of income.

The voluntary schemes are administered through Udbetaling Danmark and allow you to:

Premiums and benefit levels depend on the coverage you choose and your income level. Contributions are usually paid quarterly. If you do not join a voluntary scheme, you may face a longer waiting period before you can receive public benefits when you are ill or on parental leave, and the compensation may be lower.

State pension (folkepension) and residence requirements

The Danish state pension is financed through general taxation, not through specific contributions from your sole proprietorship. Your entitlement is based mainly on how many years you have lived in Denmark between the ages of 15 and the state pension age.

Your business income and tax payments do not directly increase the state pension amount, but they may affect means-tested supplements. Because the state pension alone is usually not sufficient to maintain your standard of living, private pension savings are strongly recommended for sole proprietors.

Private pension options for sole proprietors

As a sole proprietor in Denmark, you are responsible for building your own supplementary pension. You can use the same types of pension products as employees, but you pay contributions directly instead of through an employer. The main options are:

Pension contributions can often be deducted from your taxable income within specific limits, which makes pension saving tax-efficient for many sole proprietors.

Tax treatment and contribution limits

The tax rules for pension contributions depend on the type of scheme:

Because the exact amounts and thresholds are adjusted regularly, you should always check the current limits with your pension provider or the Danish tax authorities before deciding on your annual contribution level.

Combining business and pension planning

When planning your pension as a sole proprietor, it is important to consider:

Many sole proprietors choose to set up a fixed monthly pension contribution to ensure regular saving and to avoid relying solely on the future value of the business.

Occupational pension through part-time employment

If you have a part-time job alongside your sole proprietorship, you may be covered by an occupational pension scheme through your employer. In that case, your employer typically pays a percentage of your salary into a pension fund, and you contribute a smaller percentage yourself.

This can significantly improve your overall pension coverage, but it does not replace the need to consider additional savings based on your self-employed income, especially if your business profit is higher than your salary.

Practical steps for sole proprietors

To ensure adequate social security and pension coverage as a sole proprietor in Denmark, you should:

  1. Register your business correctly so that you pay AM-bidrag and income tax on your profit
  2. Assess whether you need voluntary sickness and maternity insurance and register if relevant
  3. Review your expected retirement needs and existing pension rights (including any ATP and occupational pensions from previous employment)
  4. Set up one or more private pension schemes (rate pension, life annuity, lump-sum pension) and decide on a realistic annual contribution
  5. Regularly review your pension plan and adjust contributions as your business grows

Because social security and pension planning can have significant long-term financial consequences, many sole proprietors choose to discuss their situation with a Danish accountant, tax adviser or pension consultant to optimise both coverage and tax efficiency.

Choosing a Trade Name and Branding Rules for Danish Sole Proprietorships

Choosing a trade name is one of the first strategic decisions when setting up a sole proprietorship (enkeltmandsvirksomhed) in Denmark. Your business name will appear on invoices, contracts, your website and in the Danish Business Register (CVR), so it must comply with Danish naming rules and basic branding principles.

Legal options: personal name or separate business name

As a sole proprietor, you can operate under:

If you use only your personal name, you are still required to register the business with the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen) if you carry out commercial activity on a regular basis. Many entrepreneurs choose a separate business name for marketing reasons and to appear more professional to customers and partners.

Basic legal requirements for Danish trade names

Under Danish trade name law, the name of your sole proprietorship must:

It is common, but not mandatory, to add “v/ [your name]” (short for “ved”) after the trade name to clearly show that the business is a sole proprietorship, for example “Nordic Craft v/ Peter Larsen”.

Checking availability of your trade name

Before you decide on a name, you should check that it is legally available and not already in use. In practice this means:

If your name is too similar to an existing registered name or trademark in the same or related industry, you risk being asked to change it and, in serious cases, facing a claim for infringement. For more complex cases or if you plan to invest heavily in branding, it can be worth obtaining legal advice before registration.

Registration of the trade name in CVR

When you register your sole proprietorship with the Danish Business Authority via Virk.dk, you can register one or more trade names (binavne) for the same CVR number. The main points are:

Once a trade name is registered and approved, you gain protection against later registrations of identical or confusingly similar names for the same type of business in Denmark, but this protection is limited compared to a registered trademark.

Trade name vs. trademark protection

Registering a trade name in CVR is not the same as registering a trademark. The key differences are:

If your brand is central to your business model, you can apply for a Danish trademark with the Danish Patent and Trademark Office or an EU trademark with the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). Trademark registration involves a fee and a separate application process, but it can significantly strengthen your legal position.

Use of protected words, titles and symbols

Certain words and titles are regulated in Denmark and cannot be used freely in a trade name. In particular, you should avoid:

Use of national symbols, coats of arms or flags in logos and branding is also subject to specific rules, and misuse can lead to sanctions.

Branding and marketing rules for sole proprietors

Once your trade name is registered, all your branding and marketing activities must comply with Danish marketing law (markedsføringsloven). This includes:

If you sell to consumers online, your website must provide clear information about your identity, contact details, CVR number, prices including VAT, delivery terms and complaint procedures.

Practical tips for choosing a strong trade name

From a branding and SEO perspective, a good trade name for a Danish sole proprietorship should be:

Many entrepreneurs combine a distinctive brand element with a descriptive word, for example “Blue Harbor Accounting” or “Nordic Tech Support”. This helps with search engine visibility while keeping the name unique enough to protect.

Updating or changing your trade name

If you later decide to change your trade name, you can update it in the CVR register via Virk.dk. When doing so, you should:

A carefully chosen and legally compliant trade name will make it easier to build trust with customers, protect your brand and support the long-term growth of your sole proprietorship in Denmark.

Bookkeeping, Accounting and Annual Reporting Requirements

As a sole proprietor in Denmark, you are legally required to keep orderly bookkeeping records and prepare annual accounts that reflect the true and fair view of your business. Even if your business is small and you do not have employees, the Danish Tax Agency (Skattestyrelsen) expects you to document all income and expenses and to store this documentation for a number of years.

Basic bookkeeping obligations for sole proprietors

Danish bookkeeping rules apply to almost all businesses, including small sole proprietorships. You must:

Bookkeeping may be done manually, in spreadsheets or in accounting software, but it must comply with the Danish Bookkeeping Act. Many sole proprietors use cloud-based accounting systems that integrate with online banking and e-invoicing, which makes it easier to meet documentation requirements.

Retention of accounting records

You must keep your accounting records and documentation for at least 5 years after the end of the financial year. This includes:

Records may be stored digitally as long as they are readable, secure and can be presented to Skattestyrelsen on request. If you scan paper documents, make sure the digital copies are complete and of sufficient quality.

Choosing a financial year

Most Danish sole proprietors use the calendar year as their financial year, from 1 January to 31 December. This is also the period covered by your personal tax return. In some cases you can apply for a different financial year, but for small businesses the calendar year is usually the simplest and most tax-efficient choice.

Annual accounts for sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is not a separate legal entity, so your business results are taxed as part of your personal income. You are not normally required to file annual accounts with the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen), but you must prepare annual figures for tax purposes and keep them in your records.

Your annual accounts should at least include:

If your business grows and you need financing from a bank or investors, more detailed and structured annual accounts will usually be required. Many banks expect accounts prepared or reviewed by a state-authorised or registered public accountant once your turnover reaches a certain level.

Reporting business income in your tax return

As a sole proprietor, you report your business results through your personal tax return (årsopgørelse/udvidet selvangivelse). You must:

Business profit is typically taxed as personal income and may also be subject to labour market contribution (AM-bidrag) at a rate of 8%. Depending on your situation, you may be able to use the business taxation scheme (virksomhedsordningen) or the capital return scheme (kapitalafkastordningen) to optimise taxation of your profits.

Deadlines for annual reporting and tax

The key annual deadlines for sole proprietors include:

Missing deadlines can lead to interest and surcharges, so it is important that your bookkeeping is up to date and that you have a clear overview of your expected tax liability.

Cash vs. accrual basis and VAT alignment

Your bookkeeping should follow the same principle you use for tax and VAT. Many small sole proprietors use the cash basis for VAT (moms efter betalingsprincip), where VAT is reported when you receive or make payments. Others use the accrual basis, where VAT is reported when invoices are issued or received. Whichever method you choose, it must be applied consistently and reflected in your bookkeeping and VAT returns.

Payroll accounting if you have employees

If you employ staff, you must also handle payroll accounting. This includes:

Payroll errors can quickly become costly, so many sole proprietors use payroll systems or external providers to ensure compliance.

When professional accounting help is recommended

While Danish law does not require a sole proprietor to use an accountant, professional assistance is often advisable when:

An experienced accountant can help you set up a compliant bookkeeping system, optimise deductions, choose the right tax scheme and prepare reliable annual accounts that support your business growth.

Keeping accurate, timely and well-structured bookkeeping is not only a legal requirement in Denmark. It also gives you a clear overview of your cash flow, profitability and tax position, helping you make better decisions and avoid unpleasant surprises from Skattestyrelsen.

Employer Obligations When Hiring Employees as a Sole Proprietor

As a sole proprietor in Denmark, you can hire employees just like any other business. However, the moment you employ staff, you take on a number of legal, tax and administrative obligations. Failing to comply can quickly become costly, so it is important to understand what is required before you sign the first employment contract.

Registering as an employer with SKAT and other authorities

Before paying any salary, you must register as an employer with the Danish Tax Agency (SKAT) via Virk.dk. This registration enables you to report payroll information and withhold taxes and labour market contributions from your employees’ salaries.

In practice, you must:

Withholding tax and labour market contribution

As an employer, you are responsible for calculating and withholding the correct amounts from your employees’ salaries:

You must report salary, A-tax and AM-bidrag to SKAT via eIncome every month and pay the amounts by the statutory deadlines. For small employers, reporting and payment are typically due no later than the 10th of the following month, but you should always check the current deadlines applicable to your business size and sector.

Holiday pay and the Danish Holiday Act

Employees in Denmark accrue paid holiday under the Danish Holiday Act. As an employer, you must ensure that holiday pay is calculated and managed correctly:

Depending on the type of employment and whether you are covered by a collective agreement, you may either:

Employment contracts and working conditions

Most employees must receive a written employment contract or employment statement. As a rule of thumb, if an employee works more than an average of 3 hours per week over a reference period of 4 consecutive weeks, you must provide written terms of employment.

The contract should at least include:

You must also comply with rules on working time, rest periods and overtime. As a general principle, employees are entitled to at least 11 consecutive hours of rest within each 24-hour period and at least one weekly day off.

Minimum pay and collective agreements

Denmark does not have a statutory national minimum wage. Instead, pay levels are often regulated through collective agreements between employer organisations and trade unions. Even if you are not a member of an employer organisation, you should be aware of the prevailing wage levels in your industry to avoid underpayment disputes and recruitment difficulties.

If you sign up to a collective agreement, you must follow its rules on minimum pay, overtime, pension, working hours, holiday supplements and other employment conditions. Some sectors, such as construction, cleaning and transport, are particularly regulated by collective agreements and subject to increased inspection.

Mandatory social contributions and ATP

In Denmark, most social security benefits are financed through general taxation rather than employer social contributions. However, as an employer you still have several mandatory payments:

Occupational health and safety (arbejdsmiljø)

Even as a small sole proprietorship, you must ensure a safe and healthy working environment. The Danish Working Environment Authority (Arbejdstilsynet) supervises compliance and can issue orders or fines.

Your obligations include:

Payroll administration and record-keeping

Running payroll correctly is crucial. As an employer you must:

Many sole proprietors choose to use payroll software or outsource payroll to a bookkeeper or accountant to reduce the risk of errors and missed deadlines.

Employer pension and other benefits

Employer-funded pension is not legally mandatory in all cases, but it is very common, especially where a collective agreement applies. Typical employer pension contributions under collective agreements range around 8–12% of salary, with the employee contributing an additional share.

In addition to pension, you may offer benefits such as health insurance, paid lunch breaks or bonus schemes. Remember that many benefits are taxable for the employee and must be reported via payroll.

Hiring foreign employees

If you hire employees who are not Danish citizens, you must ensure that they have the right to live and work in Denmark. For EU/EEA and Swiss citizens, registration rules apply, while non-EU citizens generally need a valid work and residence permit under one of the Danish schemes (for example, the Pay Limit Scheme).

You must also:

Termination, notice periods and dismissals

When you need to terminate an employment relationship, you must follow the applicable notice periods and rules. These may be set by the Danish Salaried Employees Act (Funktionærloven) if the employee qualifies as a salaried employee, by a collective agreement or by the individual contract.

You must avoid unfair or discriminatory dismissals. Dismissal based on grounds such as gender, age, race, religion, disability, pregnancy, union membership or other protected characteristics is prohibited and can lead to compensation claims.

Practical tips for sole proprietors becoming employers

Before you hire your first employee, it is wise to:

Taking these steps will help you comply with Danish employer obligations and build a stable foundation for growing your sole proprietorship with employees.

Insurance and Liability Protection for Sole Proprietors in Denmark

Running a sole proprietorship in Denmark means that you and your business are legally the same person. You are personally liable for all business debts and obligations, which makes a well‑thought‑out insurance and risk management strategy essential. Below you will find the most important types of insurance, how liability works in practice, and what Danish sole proprietors should consider when choosing coverage.

Personal liability of a Danish sole proprietor

In a Danish sole proprietorship (enkeltmandsvirksomhed), there is no separation between your private and business assets. If the business cannot pay its debts, creditors can claim against your personal property, including savings and, in some cases, your home and car. This applies to:

Because of this unlimited liability, insurance is not just a formality but a key tool to protect your private finances.

Mandatory and common insurance types in Denmark

There is no general legal requirement to buy business insurance just because you run a sole proprietorship. However, some insurances are mandatory in specific situations, and others are strongly recommended for most trades.

Workers’ compensation insurance (arbejdsskadeforsikring)

If you hire employees in Denmark, you must take out statutory workers’ compensation insurance. This applies from the first employee, regardless of whether they are full‑time, part‑time or student workers. The insurance must at least cover:

The premium depends on your industry and risk level. Failure to have mandatory workers’ compensation insurance can result in fines and liability for the full cost of an employee’s injury.

If you work alone as the owner, you are not covered by the mandatory scheme and are not required by law to insure yourself. However, you can voluntarily buy coverage similar to workers’ compensation for yourself, which is often advisable in physically demanding or high‑risk professions.

Professional liability insurance (erhvervsansvar and professionel ansvarsforsikring)

Professional liability insurance protects you if your business causes financial loss, personal injury or property damage to others. There are two main forms:

In some regulated professions, such as authorised accountants, lawyers and certain financial advisers, professional indemnity insurance is effectively mandatory to obtain or maintain authorisation. Even where it is not legally required, many Danish clients expect consultants and freelancers to have adequate liability coverage as a condition in contracts.

Product liability and recall insurance

If your sole proprietorship manufactures, imports or sells products in Denmark or the EU, you can be held liable under EU and Danish product liability rules for damage caused by defective products. Product liability insurance can cover:

For businesses in food production, consumer goods, electronics or machinery, it may also be relevant to consider product recall insurance, which can help cover the costs of withdrawing dangerous or defective products from the market.

Property, inventory and business interruption insurance

Many sole proprietors invest in equipment, tools, stock and office space. Standard private home or contents insurance usually does not cover business assets. You should therefore consider:

When working from home, you should inform your private insurer that you run a business at the address. In many cases, you will need an add‑on or separate business policy to ensure that business assets are covered.

Cyber and data protection insurance

Danish sole proprietors increasingly handle customer data, online payments and digital services. Cyber risks include hacking, ransomware, data breaches and system failures. Cyber insurance can cover, depending on the policy:

For web shops, SaaS providers, consultants working with sensitive data and any business relying heavily on IT systems, cyber insurance is becoming an important part of risk management.

Personal insurance for the owner

Because your income depends directly on your ability to work, it is important to consider personal insurance solutions alongside business coverage:

These insurances are not specific to sole proprietorships but are particularly relevant when you do not have an employer to provide group coverage.

Car and transport insurance

If you use a car or van in your Danish sole proprietorship, you must have at least third‑party liability motor insurance (ansvarsforsikring) – this is mandatory by law for all registered vehicles. Depending on how the vehicle is used and owned, you may need:

If you use a private car for both personal and business purposes, inform your insurer about the business use to avoid coverage problems in case of an accident.

Contractual limitations of liability

Insurance should be combined with well‑drafted contracts and general terms and conditions. As a Danish sole proprietor, you can often reduce your risk by:

However, under Danish law, you generally cannot exclude liability for gross negligence or intentional misconduct, and consumer protection rules limit how far you can restrict liability in B2C relationships. Your contractual limitations must also align with the coverage limits and conditions in your insurance policies.

How to choose the right insurance as a sole proprietor

The optimal insurance package depends on your industry, turnover, number of employees and risk profile. When assessing your needs, consider:

It is often useful to obtain offers from several Danish insurers or work with an insurance broker (forsikringsmægler) who understands small businesses and sole proprietors. Pay attention not only to the premium but also to coverage limits, deductibles, exclusions and conditions for claims handling.

Tax treatment of insurance premiums

In Denmark, most business‑related insurance premiums are tax‑deductible as operating expenses for a sole proprietorship, provided they are directly connected to your business activities. This typically includes:

Purely private insurances are not deductible. For mixed‑use policies (for example, a car used both privately and for business), only the business‑related part of the premium is deductible. Proper bookkeeping and documentation are important to support deductions in case of a tax audit.

Regularly reviewing your protection

Your risk profile as a Danish sole proprietor will change over time as your turnover grows, you hire employees, sign larger contracts or expand into new markets. It is good practice to:

By combining the right insurance policies with clear contracts and sound internal procedures, you can significantly reduce the personal financial risk that comes with operating a sole proprietorship in Denmark.

Industry-Specific Licenses and Permits (e.g. food, construction, healthcare)

Many types of businesses in Denmark require industry-specific licenses or permits in addition to the general registration of your sole proprietorship with the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen). Operating without the correct authorization can lead to fines, orders to cease operations and, in serious cases, criminal liability. Before you start trading, you should always check whether your planned activity is regulated and which authority is responsible.

General approach to industry-specific permits

As a sole proprietor, you are personally responsible for obtaining and maintaining all necessary approvals. In practice, this usually involves:

Below are some of the most common sectors where Danish sole proprietors need special licenses or approvals.

Food businesses: restaurants, cafés, catering and food trucks

If your sole proprietorship produces, processes, serves, stores or sells food or beverages, you will normally need approval or registration with the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (Fødevarestyrelsen). This applies to, for example, restaurants, cafés, food trucks, bakeries, catering services, online food shops and importers of food products.

Key points include:

Construction and technical trades

Many construction and technical activities are regulated to protect safety and consumers. As a sole proprietor in construction, you must ensure that you or your employees have the necessary authorizations and that your company is registered where required.

Important examples:

Healthcare and personal care services

Healthcare and certain personal care services are strictly regulated to protect patients and clients. Depending on your profession and the services you offer, you may need authorization, registration or special approval.

Typical situations include:

Transport, logistics and passenger services

If your sole proprietorship transports goods or passengers for payment, you may need a license from the Danish Road Traffic Authority (Færdselsstyrelsen) or other relevant bodies.

Examples include:

Childcare, education and social services

Activities involving children or vulnerable groups are tightly regulated. If your sole proprietorship offers services such as private daycare, after‑school clubs, tutoring with childcare elements or social care, you must check municipal and national rules.

Typical requirements may include:

Financial, legal and regulated advisory services

Certain advisory activities are subject to licensing or registration to protect consumers and the financial system.

Relevant areas include:

Retail, e‑commerce and distance selling

Most retail and e‑commerce activities do not require a special license, but they are still subject to detailed consumer and marketing rules.

As a sole proprietor selling goods or services to consumers, you must comply with:

Environmental, waste and hazardous substances

Certain businesses must obtain environmental permits or register for handling waste and hazardous substances. This can apply to, for example, workshops, car repair shops, printing companies, cleaning companies using chemicals, recycling businesses and companies that store fuel or chemicals.

Depending on your activity, you may need:

How to check which licenses you need

Because the rules differ between sectors and municipalities, you should always verify your obligations before starting your sole proprietorship. A practical approach is to:

  1. Describe your planned activities in detail (what you do, where, for whom and with which equipment or substances)
  2. Check the guidance on the websites of the Danish Business Authority and your municipality
  3. Consult the relevant specialist authority (for example Fødevarestyrelsen, Sikkerhedsstyrelsen, Styrelsen for Patientsikkerhed, Finanstilsynet or Miljøstyrelsen)
  4. Document all licenses and approvals and keep them updated, including renewals and changes in your business model

Taking the time to identify and obtain the correct industry‑specific licenses and permits will help you avoid costly interruptions, protect your customers and strengthen the credibility of your sole proprietorship in Denmark.

Using a Sole Proprietorship for Freelancers and Consultants in Denmark

Many independent professionals in Denmark choose a sole proprietorship (enkeltmandsvirksomhed) as their business form. It is particularly popular among IT consultants, designers, translators, marketing specialists and other freelancers who sell their own services. This structure is simple to set up, inexpensive to run and flexible when your income fluctuates.

Is a sole proprietorship suitable for freelancers and consultants?

A sole proprietorship is usually a good fit if you:

You do not need any minimum capital to start, and you can register the business free of charge with the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen) via virk.dk. However, you are personally liable for all obligations of the business, which you should consider if you sign larger contracts or take on significant financial risks.

Typical tax and VAT situation for freelancers

As a freelancer or consultant with a sole proprietorship, your business profit is taxed as personal income. You pay:

Top tax (topskat) is paid on personal income above a certain annual threshold. If your freelance income is your main source of income, it is important to adjust your preliminary income assessment (forskudsopgørelse) in TastSelv so that the correct tax is withheld during the year.

Most freelancers and consultants must register for VAT (moms) if their expected turnover exceeds 50,000 DKK within any 12‑month period. The standard VAT rate is 25%. You charge VAT on your invoices to Danish business and private clients, unless your services are VAT-exempt (for example certain health services). You can deduct input VAT on business-related purchases such as software, equipment, phone and internet, and professional courses.

Invoicing and contracts for freelance work

Professional invoicing and clear contracts are crucial for freelancers and consultants. Your invoices should include:

Written agreements help avoid disputes. They should cover scope of work, deadlines, hourly rates or fixed fees, rights to intellectual property, confidentiality, and cancellation terms. For longer projects, consider milestones and partial invoicing to secure your cash flow.

Deductible expenses for freelancers and consultants

As a sole proprietor you can deduct business-related expenses from your taxable profit. Common deductible costs for freelancers and consultants include:

If you work from home, you may in some cases deduct a proportion of housing costs or a standard deduction, depending on how the workspace is used and separated from private use. The rules are detailed and should be assessed carefully to avoid conflicts with the tax authorities.

Social security, pension and unemployment for freelancers

Freelancers with a sole proprietorship are not automatically covered by the same schemes as employees. You are responsible for:

Membership of an A‑kasse is voluntary but often recommended. There are specific rules for when self‑employed persons can receive unemployment benefits, including requirements for activity, documentation of income and possible closure or suspension of the business.

When does freelance work become “employment”?

In Denmark, there is a distinction between being genuinely self‑employed and being considered an employee in the eyes of the authorities. Even if you have a CVR number and invoice your client, you may be treated as an employee if:

If the relationship is assessed as employment, the client may be obliged to withhold tax (A‑skat) and labour market contribution, and you may be entitled to employee rights. It is therefore important to structure your freelance assignments so that they clearly reflect independent business activity, for example by having several clients, using your own equipment and having the possibility of profit and loss.

When to consider changing to an ApS

Many freelancers start as sole proprietors and later convert to a private limited company (ApS) when their business grows. Reasons to consider an ApS include:

An ApS requires a minimum share capital of 40,000 DKK and involves more formal accounting and reporting obligations. For many freelancers and consultants, a sole proprietorship remains the most practical and cost‑effective solution in the early years, as long as the risk level and income justify it.

Choosing the right structure and setting up proper bookkeeping, invoicing and contracts from the start makes it easier to grow a sustainable freelance or consulting business in Denmark. Professional accounting support can help you optimise tax, comply with VAT rules and avoid costly mistakes as your activity develops.

Converting a Sole Proprietorship into an ApS (Private Limited Company)

Many entrepreneurs in Denmark start as sole proprietors (enkeltmandsvirksomhed) and later decide to convert into a private limited company (Anpartsselskab, ApS). The main reasons are limiting personal liability, improving credibility with clients and banks, and optimising taxation once profits reach a certain level. Below you will find the key legal, tax and practical aspects of converting a sole proprietorship into an ApS in Denmark.

When does it make sense to convert to an ApS?

Converting to an ApS is usually worth considering when:

In an ApS, your liability is generally limited to the company’s capital and assets, whereas as a sole proprietor you are personally liable with all private assets for business debts and obligations.

Basic legal requirements for setting up an ApS

To convert, you first need to establish an ApS that will take over your existing business. The main requirements are:

The ApS must be registered via the Danish Business Authority’s online system (Virk). The registration fee is fixed and payable upon submission. Once registered, the company receives a new CVR number.

Two main ways to convert: asset transfer vs. tax-neutral restructuring

There are two common approaches to moving from a sole proprietorship to an ApS:

1. Simple asset transfer (business sale to your own ApS)

In this model, you establish a new ApS and sell or contribute the assets and activities of your sole proprietorship to the company. Key points:

This method is relatively straightforward legally, but can be less tax-efficient if your business has built up significant value.

2. Tax-neutral conversion under Danish tax rules

Danish tax legislation allows certain restructurings to be carried out on a tax-neutral basis if specific conditions are met. In a tax-neutral conversion:

To use a tax-neutral model, you must comply with detailed rules on valuation, continuity of ownership and documentation. In practice, this usually requires assistance from a Danish accountant or tax advisor to avoid unintended taxation.

Valuation of the business and contribution in kind

If you contribute your sole proprietorship as non-cash capital (contribution in kind) to the ApS, the assets and liabilities must be valued. Depending on the structure and size of the business, this may require:

The valuation forms the basis for the share capital and any share premium in the ApS. The total net value of the contributed business must at least equal the share capital of DKK 40,000.

Tax implications for income tax and corporate tax

As a sole proprietor, your business profits are taxed as personal income. This means they are subject to:

In an ApS, the company pays corporate income tax on its taxable profits at the Danish corporate tax rate. If you then distribute dividends to yourself as a shareholder, these dividends are taxed as share income at the applicable lower and higher share income tax rates, depending on the total amount of dividends and gains on shares you receive in the year.

Converting to an ApS can therefore change the balance between corporate tax, dividend tax and personal income tax. The optimal structure depends on how much profit you keep in the company versus how much you withdraw as salary and dividends.

VAT, payroll tax and other indirect taxes

When you convert, you must ensure a correct transition of VAT and other indirect tax obligations:

In many cases, the VAT registration can be transferred or continued, but you must report the change of legal entity correctly to the Danish Tax Agency (Skattestyrelsen).

Handling existing contracts, assets and financing

Converting to an ApS does not automatically move all your existing obligations. You need to review and, where necessary, renegotiate:

Some contracts may require the other party’s consent to assign them to the ApS. Banks may also require new security or guarantees when the debtor changes from you personally to a limited company.

Employees, holiday pay and ongoing obligations

If you have employees, you must decide whether their employment contracts are transferred to the ApS. In many cases, this will be treated as a transfer of undertaking, meaning:

You should inform employees in writing about the change of employer, new company name and CVR number, and ensure that payroll systems, pension schemes and insurance policies are updated.

Accounting, reporting and bookkeeping after conversion

An ApS is subject to stricter accounting and reporting rules than a sole proprietorship. Among other things:

In the year of conversion, you will typically have to prepare a final tax return and accounts for the sole proprietorship and separate accounts for the ApS from the date of establishment.

Closing or putting the sole proprietorship on hold

Once the business activities have been transferred to the ApS, you should deregister the sole proprietorship with the Danish Business Authority and the Danish Tax Agency, unless you have a specific reason to keep it registered. This includes:

Keeping the sole proprietorship active without real activity can create unnecessary administrative work and confusion for customers and authorities.

Practical steps and professional assistance

A typical conversion process will include the following steps:

  1. Assess whether an ApS is suitable based on profit level, risk and growth plans
  2. Decide on the conversion method (simple asset transfer or tax-neutral restructuring)
  3. Prepare valuation, incorporation documents and articles of association for the ApS
  4. Register the ApS with the Danish Business Authority and obtain a CVR number
  5. Transfer assets, liabilities, contracts and employees to the ApS
  6. Update VAT, employer and tax registrations with the Danish Tax Agency
  7. Prepare final accounts for the sole proprietorship and opening balance for the ApS
  8. Deregister the sole proprietorship once all obligations are settled

Because the tax and legal consequences can be significant, most business owners in Denmark carry out the conversion with support from a Danish accountant and, where relevant, a lawyer. Proper planning helps ensure that the transition from sole proprietorship to ApS is tax-efficient, compliant with Danish regulations and clearly documented for both authorities and business partners.

Closing or Deregistering a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark

Closing a sole proprietorship (enkeltmandsvirksomhed) in Denmark is usually straightforward, but it must be done correctly to avoid unexpected tax bills, interest or liability. The process differs slightly depending on whether you are registered for VAT, as an employer or with special schemes such as the Danish Tax Agency’s business tax scheme (virksomhedsordningen).

1. When should you close or deregister your sole proprietorship?

You should deregister your business when you permanently stop your commercial activity in Denmark. This includes situations where you:

If you only take a temporary break and expect to resume activity within a short period, you can in some cases keep the registration active. However, if you have no real activity for a longer period, the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen) may ask you to clarify whether the business should remain registered.

2. Step-by-step: How to deregister a sole proprietorship

In most cases, you close your sole proprietorship via the Danish Business Authority’s self-service system on virk.dk. The typical steps are:

  1. Log in to virk.dk
    Use your personal MitID and select the business you want to deregister.
  2. Submit deregistration (ophør) of the business
    Choose the option to close the business and enter the date of cessation. This date is important for your final tax and VAT calculations.
  3. Deregister VAT (moms) and payroll taxes
    If you are registered for VAT, you must deregister for VAT from the same cessation date. If you are registered as an employer (A-skat and AM-bidrag), you must also deregister as an employer.
  4. Update registrations with other authorities
    If relevant, you may need to deregister from:
    • Import/export and EORI registrations
    • Excise duties (afgifter)
    • Sector-specific authorisations or licenses
  5. Keep confirmation
    After submitting, you receive confirmation of deregistration. Keep this together with your accounting records.

3. Final VAT return and settlement of VAT on assets

When you close a VAT-registered sole proprietorship, you must submit a final VAT return (momsangivelse) covering the period up to and including the cessation date. This includes:

If you transfer goods, equipment or other assets from the business to private use at closing, this can be treated as a deemed sale subject to VAT. The taxable value is usually the market value at the time of transfer. For example, if you keep a computer with a current market value of DKK 5,000 and you originally deducted VAT on it, you may need to account for 25% VAT on the DKK 5,000.

If you have been using the VAT adjustment rules for investment goods (reguleringsforpligtelse), you may need to make a final adjustment when the business ceases. This typically applies to real estate, larger equipment and other assets with a multi-year adjustment period.

4. Final income tax and business tax scheme (virksomhedsordningen)

Even after you deregister the business, you must file a final tax return as a self-employed person for the income year in which the business ceases. This includes:

If you use the business tax scheme, you must close the scheme correctly. This typically involves:

Business profits for the year of cessation are still taxed as personal income according to the current progressive tax brackets. For example, personal income above the top tax threshold is subject to an additional top tax, and AM-contribution of 8% is generally payable on earned income before income tax.

5. Handling employees, salaries and holiday pay

If you have employees, you must handle their rights correctly when closing the business:

Only when all salary obligations and reports are settled should you deregister as an employer on virk.dk.

6. Accounting records and retention obligations

Closing the business does not end your obligation to keep accounting records. Under Danish bookkeeping rules, you must keep your accounting material for at least 5 years from the end of the financial year. This includes:

Records may be stored electronically, but they must be readable and accessible to the Danish Tax Agency (Skattestyrelsen) upon request, even if you no longer run the business.

7. Closing business bank accounts and payment solutions

After you have settled all business obligations, you can close your business bank account and any payment solutions, such as:

Before closing the account, ensure that all tax refunds, VAT settlements and customer payments have been received and all liabilities have been paid.

8. Converting a sole proprietorship into an ApS instead of closing

If you are not stopping your activity but want better liability protection or a more professional structure, you may consider converting your sole proprietorship into an ApS. This can be done as a tax-free business transfer (skattefri virksomhedsomdannelse) if specific conditions are met, including:

In that case, you do not simply close the business; you transfer it and then deregister the sole proprietorship after the transfer is complete. The tax consequences depend on the chosen method, so professional advice is strongly recommended.

9. Deregistering a foreign sole proprietor with activity in Denmark

Foreign sole proprietors with a Danish VAT number or permanent establishment must also deregister when they stop their Danish activity. The process is similar but may involve additional steps, such as:

10. Typical mistakes when closing a sole proprietorship

Some of the most common issues when closing a Danish sole proprietorship include:

To avoid these problems, it is often worthwhile to involve a Danish accountant when planning the closure. Properly closing and deregistering your sole proprietorship ensures that you meet all Danish tax, VAT and reporting obligations and can move on without lingering liabilities.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Starting a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark

Many entrepreneurs choose a sole proprietorship in Denmark because it is simple and inexpensive to start. However, a few common mistakes can lead to unexpected tax bills, fines or problems with SKAT and Erhvervsstyrelsen. Being aware of these pitfalls will help you start on a solid and compliant footing.

1. Not Checking Whether You Are “Self-Employed” Under Danish Rules

One of the most frequent mistakes is assuming you are automatically considered self-employed just because you issue invoices. SKAT looks at several criteria, such as whether you have multiple clients, bear your own financial risk, use your own tools and premises, and can freely organise your work. If SKAT considers your activity to be “employment in disguise”, you may face reclassification, additional tax and social contributions, and your client may be treated as an employer.

Before registering, clarify your business model and contracts to ensure they align with the criteria for self-employment. This is especially important for freelancers and consultants working mainly for one client.

2. Choosing the Wrong Tax Scheme or Not Planning for Tax Prepayments

Many new sole proprietors underestimate their expected profit and do not adjust their preliminary income assessment (forskudsopgørelse). This often results in a large residual tax bill later. You should estimate your annual profit as realistically as possible and update your preliminary assessment whenever your income changes significantly.

Another mistake is ignoring the choice between different tax options, such as the business tax scheme (virksomhedsordningen) or capital return scheme (kapitalafkastordningen). The wrong choice can lead to higher personal tax, especially if you have significant profits, interest expenses or plan to retain earnings in the business. It is advisable to assess whether you expect a profit large enough to benefit from these schemes before the income year starts, as some choices must be made in your tax return and applied consistently.

3. Forgetting or Delaying VAT Registration

In Denmark, you must register for VAT (moms) if your taxable turnover exceeds DKK 50,000 over a 12‑month period. A common mistake is waiting until you have already invoiced above this threshold. If you exceed the limit without registering, SKAT can demand VAT retroactively, even if you did not charge VAT on your invoices, which directly reduces your profit.

Another issue is not knowing your VAT reporting frequency. New businesses are usually placed on quarterly VAT reporting, but this can change as your turnover grows. Missing VAT deadlines leads to interest and surcharges. Always check your VAT periods and deadlines in TastSelv Erhverv and set reminders for reporting and payment.

4. Mixing Personal and Business Finances

Because a sole proprietorship is not a separate legal entity, many owners mix private and business expenses in one bank account. This makes bookkeeping difficult, increases the risk of errors and can cause problems in a tax audit.

While you are not legally required to have a separate business account as a sole proprietor, it is strongly recommended to:

Clear separation of finances saves time, reduces mistakes and makes it easier to demonstrate deductible expenses to SKAT.

5. Poor or Incomplete Bookkeeping

Another frequent mistake is underestimating the bookkeeping requirements. Even small sole proprietors must keep orderly and verifiable records of all income, expenses, invoices and receipts for at least five years. Common problems include missing documentation, cash transactions without receipts, and not reconciling bank statements with accounting records.

Inadequate bookkeeping can lead to estimated assessments by SKAT, where they calculate your income based on assumptions, often resulting in higher tax. Using simple accounting software and keeping all documentation (including digital receipts) significantly reduces this risk.

6. Misunderstanding Deductible Expenses and Private Use

Many new business owners either deduct too little or too much. Typical mistakes include:

For example, if you use your private car for business, you usually cannot deduct all car expenses in the accounts. Instead, you can often use the official kilometre rates for business driving, provided you keep a proper log. Similarly, for home offices, only the business-related part of costs may be deductible under specific conditions. Misapplication of these rules can lead to corrections and additional tax.

7. Ignoring Social Security, ATP and Pension Planning

Sole proprietors in Denmark are covered by the general social security system, but they do not automatically build up the same employment-related benefits as employees. Common mistakes include:

Failing to plan for pension and income security can leave you vulnerable in case of illness, unemployment or retirement. Consider voluntary unemployment insurance, private pension schemes and insurance products tailored to self-employed persons.

8. Overlooking Employer Obligations When Hiring

Some sole proprietors start hiring staff without understanding their obligations as employers. Typical errors include:

Incorrect payroll handling can quickly result in arrears, interest and penalties. Before hiring, ensure you understand Danish employment, payroll and reporting rules or use a payroll service.

9. Choosing an Inappropriate Business Name or Ignoring Registration Rules

Another common mistake is using a business name that is too similar to existing registered names or protected trademarks. This can lead to conflicts and force you to change your name after you have already built a brand.

Before deciding on a trade name, check the Danish Business Authority’s register and consider potential trademark conflicts. Also remember that if you use a business name different from your personal name, it must be registered correctly, and you must use the registered name on invoices and official documents.

10. Not Considering Liability and Insurance Needs

In a sole proprietorship, you are personally liable for all business obligations. A frequent mistake is underestimating the financial risk and operating without adequate insurance. Depending on your industry, you may need:

Without proper coverage, a single claim or accident can affect your personal assets. Assess your risk profile early and discuss appropriate insurance solutions with a professional adviser.

11. Ignoring Industry-Specific Rules and Permits

Some activities in Denmark require special licences or compliance with sector-specific regulations, for example in food, construction, transport or healthcare. A common mistake is starting operations without the necessary approvals, training certificates or registrations.

Operating without required permits can lead to fines, closure orders and reputational damage. Always check whether your specific line of business is regulated and obtain all necessary approvals before you start trading.

12. Failing to Plan for Growth or Future Conversion to an ApS

Many sole proprietors do not think about what happens if the business grows significantly. As profits and risks increase, it may be more beneficial to convert to a private limited company (ApS) to limit personal liability and optimise taxation. If you do not plan ahead, you may miss opportunities to structure the conversion in a tax-efficient way.

Consider from the beginning whether you expect substantial growth, need external investors or want to separate personal and business risk. This can influence how you organise your accounts and which tax schemes you choose as a sole proprietor.

13. Not Seeking Professional Advice Early Enough

Trying to handle everything alone is another widespread mistake. Danish tax, VAT and employment rules are detailed and change regularly. Misinterpretations can be costly, especially in the first years when your processes are not yet established.

Even a short initial consultation with a Danish accountant or tax adviser can help you:

Investing in qualified advice at the start often saves both time and money later and allows you to focus on developing your business instead of dealing with avoidable administrative problems.

Available Public Support, Grants and Advisory Services for New Sole Proprietors

Starting as a sole proprietor in Denmark does not mean you have to do everything alone. A wide range of public programmes, grants and advisory services can help you with business planning, registration, financing and growth. Below you will find an overview of the most relevant options for new sole proprietors, including freelancers and one‑person consultancies.

National one‑stop portals and general guidance

The main entry point for official information is the business portal Virk.dk. Through Virk you can:

For tax‑related questions, the Danish Tax Agency (Skattestyrelsen) offers online guides, calculators and telephone support. New sole proprietors can get help with advance tax (B‑skat), VAT deadlines, deductions and how to report income in the annual tax return.

Local business promotion centres and free advisory services

Every municipality in Denmark is part of a local business promotion system, often branded as “Erhvervshus” or “Business Hub”. These centres provide:

Advisory services are typically free of charge for early‑stage businesses and are available both in Danish and, in many regions, in English. Booking is usually done online via the website of your regional Erhvervshus.

Startup Denmark and support for foreign entrepreneurs

Foreign entrepreneurs who want to establish an innovative business in Denmark can apply to the Startup Denmark scheme. While it is primarily aimed at scalable startups rather than traditional sole proprietorships, it can be relevant if you plan to grow and later convert into an ApS. The scheme offers:

In addition, many municipalities and business hubs offer specific guidance for international founders on topics such as CPR registration, NemID/MitID, banking and local tax rules.

Public grants and co‑financing programmes

Direct grants for very small sole proprietorships are limited, but there are still several programmes that can provide financial support, often as co‑financing for advisory services, innovation or export activities.

Innovation and development grants are primarily channelled through innovation programmes and funds that may support:

These schemes usually require that you contribute part of the project budget yourself (for example, 25–50% co‑financing) and that the project has clear innovation or growth potential. Sole proprietors can often apply on equal terms with companies, provided they meet the programme criteria.

Export and internationalisation support is available if you plan to sell outside Denmark. Through national export programmes you can access:

Most grant schemes have specific application windows, eligibility criteria and documentation requirements. It is important to check current calls and conditions before you apply, as budgets and priorities can change from year to year.

Subsidised advisory vouchers and mentoring

Some regional business programmes offer advisory vouchers that cover part of the cost of using private consultants, such as accountants, lawyers, marketing specialists or IT experts. Typical features include:

In addition, many business hubs and industry organisations run mentoring programmes where experienced entrepreneurs volunteer to guide new sole proprietors on strategy, pricing, negotiations and everyday challenges. Participation is often free, but you may need to commit to regular meetings over a defined period.

Sector‑specific support and industry organisations

Depending on your line of business, you may benefit from joining a relevant trade or employer organisation. These organisations often provide:

Membership fees vary, but for many sole proprietors the value of templates, legal guidance and networking opportunities outweighs the cost. Some organisations also negotiate favourable insurance and pension schemes for members.

Support for unemployed persons starting a sole proprietorship

If you are unemployed and receive Danish unemployment benefits (dagpenge) or social assistance, you may have access to special programmes that support starting a business. Depending on your situation and the rules of your unemployment insurance fund (a‑kasse), this can include:

The exact rules, including how many hours you may work in your business while receiving benefits and how your income is offset, are strictly regulated. You should always clarify the current conditions with your a‑kasse or municipality before registering your sole proprietorship.

Digital tools, courses and e‑learning

Several public actors provide free or low‑cost digital tools to help you run your sole proprietorship more efficiently. These may include:

Using these tools can reduce your reliance on external advisors in the early phase and help you understand your obligations as a sole proprietor before you grow.

How to choose and combine support options

Most new sole proprietors benefit from combining several types of support. A typical path could be:

  1. Use Virk.dk and Skattestyrelsen’s guides to understand registration and tax obligations
  2. Book a free meeting with your regional Erhvervshus to discuss your business model and funding options
  3. Apply for relevant advisory vouchers or sector‑specific programmes if you plan to innovate, digitalise or export
  4. Join an industry organisation or local network to stay updated on regulations and market trends

Public support and grant schemes are regularly adjusted, and new programmes are introduced while others are phased out. Before making important financial or strategic decisions, always check the latest information from official Danish sources or consult a professional advisor to ensure that you meet all current conditions and deadlines.

How to Register a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark?

A sole proprietorship must be registered with the Danish Erhvervsstyrelsen, which can be done online at erhvervsstyrelsen.dk. The registration form will ask for the business name, typically the owner's first and last name, along with their personal CPR number.

Registering a sole proprietorship in Denmark (Enkeltmandsvirksomhed) involves a few steps:

a. Gathering Necessary Information

Before beginning the registration process, ensure you have the following details prepared:

b. Online Registration

To register a sole proprietorship, you must complete the process online through the portal virk.dk. After filling out the registration form, it will be submitted to the relevant authorities for approval.

c. Receiving a CVR Number

Once the registration form is submitted, you will be issued a CVR number (Central Business Register), which serves as your business's unique identifier. You will need this number for all formal business-related activities.

d. VAT Registration (if applicable)

If your business expects an annual turnover exceeding 50,000 DKK, you must register for VAT. This can be done through the virk.dk portal by logging in, locating the VAT registration form, completing it, and submitting it.

e. Opening a Bank Account

Opening a separate bank account for your business will help streamline tax-related transactions and manage the company’s finances more effectively.

f. Maintaining Accounting

Ensure that your accounting complies with Danish regulations. You can manage this yourself if you have the necessary expertise, or alternatively, you can hire an accounting firm to handle it for you.

g. Filing Tax Returns

Ensure that you file tax returns and report taxes regularly in compliance with the Danish Tax Agency (SKAT) requirements.

Additional Considerations for Starting a Sole Proprietorship in Denmark:

Registering a sole proprietorship in Denmark is an easy process that can be completed online. However, it's crucial to follow all deadlines and procedures carefully to avoid potential administrative or legal complications down the line.

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